In the 1950’s an innovation revolutionized the transport industry by dramatically reducing the cost of shipping and making global trade more efficient with a large standardized shipping box that could be easily transported on trucks, trains, and ships. This same concept has been applied to software.
A “container” is a lightweight, standalone, executable package of software that includes everything needed to run a piece of software: code, runtime, system tools, system libraries, and settings.
This concept gets us all out of the “install” game, and into the using a solution quicker. Containers provide a low-risk environment to experiment and learn new skills. Whether it’s web development, app creation, or even dabbling in AI and machine learning, containers offer a sandbox-like environment to test and refine your skills without affecting your main operating system.
If you wish to excel with understanding containers, we recommend you ‘sandbox’ and ‘play’ with them often. The same concepts that you will learn with basic container deployment, will greatly assist with growing your knowledge with Kubernetes , Red Hat OpenShift, Broadcom (VMware Tanzu) and other cloud providers’ Kubernetes platforms (Google GKE, Amazon EKS, Microsoft AKS).
There is a plethora of containers and solutions to choose from for your education. We have setup several examples of using select containers with bash shell scripts that showcase different features using the podman binary. The examples include Jasper Report Server, Nessus, PostGres (with PGadmin), Splunk, BusyBox, qBittorrent, Kiwix, and TLS notes.
We hope these examples will showcase the value of containers and provide satisfaction with your understanding of the containers. Please reach out if you wish to learn more and have us assist with your Kubernetes needs.
Our goal is to move away from using self-signed certificates, often supplied by various software vendors and Kubernetes deployments, in favor of a unified approach with a single wildcard certificate covering multiple subdomains. This strategy allows for streamlined updates of a single certificate, which can then be distributed across our servers and projects as needed.
We have identified LetsEncrypt as a viable source for these wildcard certificates. Although LetsEncrypt offers a Docker/Podman image example, we have discovered an alternative that integrates with Google Domains. This method automates the entire process, including validation of the DNS TXT record and generation of wildcard certificates. It’s important to note that Google Domains operates independently from Google Cloud DNS, and its API is limited to updating TXT records only.
In this blog post, we will concentrate on how to validate the certificates provided by LetsEncrypt using OpenSSL. We will also demonstrate how to replace self-signed certificates with these new ones on a virtual appliance.
View the pubkey of the LetsEncrypt cert.pem and privkey.pem file to confirm they match
We need to download this root CA cert for solutions, appliances, and on-prem Kubernetes Clusters that do NOT have these root CA certs in their existing keystores.
Validate the cert.pem file with the public root CA cert and the provided chain.pem file
Will return an “OK” response if valid. CA certs order is important, if reversed this process will fail. Validation still fails if we only have chain.pem or fullchain.pem (see image below) without the correct public root CA cert from LetsEncrypt. Note: This public root CA cert is typically provided in updated modern browsers. Note2: While the fullchain.pem does have a CA cert with the CN = ISRG Root X1, this does NOT appear to be the correct one based on the error reported, so we have downloaded the correct CA cert to be used with the same CN name of ISRG Root X1 (see following images below)
Combine cert.pem with the public root CA cert and chain.pem for a complete chain cert in the CORRECT order.
Important Note: cert.pem MUST be first in this list otherwise validation will fail. Please note that there are two (2) root CA certs with the same CN, that may cause some confusion when validating the chain.
Validate certs with openssl server process and two (2) terminal ssh sessions/windows
1st terminal session – run an openssl server (via openssl s_server) on port 9443 (any open port). The -www switch will send a status message back to the client when it connects. This includes information about the ciphers used and various session parameters. The output is in HTML format so this option will normally be used with a web browser.
2nd terminal session – run openssl s_client and curl with the combined chain cert to validate. Replace the FQDN with your LetsEnscrypt domain in the wildcard cert. Example below FQDN is training.anapartner.net. You may also use a browser to access the openssl s_server web server with a FQDN.
Example of using the official Certbot image with podman. We recommend using multiple -d switches with *.subdomain1.domain.com to allow a single cert be used for many of your projects. Reference of this deployment
A version of podman with the Google Domain API TXT integration. We use variables for reuse of this code for various testing domains. This docker image will temporarily create the Google Domain TXT records via a REST API, that are needed for Certbot DNS validation, then the process will remove the TXT records. There is no manual interaction required. We use this process with a bash shell script to run as needed or via scheduled events.
Replace Identity Suite vApp Apache Certificate with LetsEncrypt
We see tech notes and an online document but wanted to provide a cleaner step by step process to update the Symantec IGA Virtual Appliance certificates for the embedded Apache HTTPD service under the path /opt/CA/VirtualAppliance/custom/apache-ssl-certificates
# Collect the generated LetsEncrypt certs via certbot, save them, scp to the vApp host, and then extract them
tar -xvf letsencrypt-20231125.tar
# View the certs
ls -lart
# Validate LetEncrypt cert via pubkey match between private key and cert
openssl x509 -noout -pubkey -in cert.pem
openssl pkey -pubout -in privkey.pem
# Download the latest LetsEncrypt public root CA cert
curl -sOL https://letsencrypt.org/certs/isrgrootx1.pem
# Validate a full chain with root with cert (Note: order is important on cat process)
openssl verify -CAfile <(cat isrgrootx1.pem chain.pem) cert.pem
# Create a full chain with root cert and LetsEncrypt chain in the correct ORDER
cat cert.pem isrgrootx1.pem chain.pem > combined_chain_with_cert.pem
# Move prior Apache HTTPD cert files
mv localhost.key localhost.key.original
mv localhost.crt localhost.crt.original
# Link the new LetsEncrypt files to same names of localhost.XXX
ln -s privkey.pem localhost.key
ln -s combined_chain_with_cert.pem localhost.crt
# Restart apache (httpd)
sudo systemctl restart httpd
# Test with curl with the FQDN name in the CN or SANs of the cert, e.g. training.anapartner.net
curl -v --cacert combined_chain_with_cert.pem --resolve training.anapartner.net:443:127.0.0.1 https://training.anapartner.net:443
# Test with browser with the FQDN name
Example of integration and information reported by browser
View of the certificate as shown with a CN (subject) = training.anapartner.net
A view of the SANS wildcard certs that match the FQDN used in the browser URL bar of iga.k8s-training-student01.anapartner.net
Example of error messages from Apache HTTPD service’s log files if certs are not in correct order or validate correctly. One message is a warning only, the other message is a fatal error message about the validation between the cert and private key do not match. Use the pubkey check process to confirm the cert/key match.
[ssl:warn] [pid 2206:tid 140533536823616] AH01909: CA_IMAG_VAPP:443:0 server certificate does NOT include an ID which matches the server name
[ssl:emerg] [pid 652562:tid 140508002732352] AH02565: Certificate and private key CA_IMAG_VAPP:443:0 from /etc/pki/tls/certs/localhost.crt and /etc/pki/tls/private/localhost.key do not match
TLS Secrets update in Kubernetes Cluster
If your Kubernetes Cluster is on-prem and does not have access to the internet to validate the root CA cert you may decided to use the combine_chain_with_cert.pem when building your Kubernetes Secrets. With Kubernetes Secrets you must delete then re-add the Secret as there are no current update process for Secrets.
CERTFOLDER=~/labs/letsencrypt
CERTFILE=${CERTFOLDER}/combined_chain_with_cert.pem
#CERTFILE=${CERTFOLDER}/fullchain.pem
KEYFILE=${CERTFOLDER}/privkey.pem
INGRESS_TLS_SECRET=anapartner-dev-tls
NAMESPACE=monitoring
NS=${NAMESPACE}
kubectl -n ${NS} get secret ${INGRESS_TLS_SECRET} 2>&1 > /dev/null
if [ $? != 0 ]; then
echo ""
echo "### Installing TLS Certificate for Ingress"
kubectl -n ${NS} create secret tls ${INGRESS_TLS_SECRET} \
--cert=${CERTFILE} \
--key=${KEYFILE}
fi
Ingress Rule via yaml:
tls:
- hosts:
- grafana.${INGRESS_APPS_DOMAIN}
secretName: ${INGRESS_TLS_SECRET}
helm update:
--set grafana.ingress.tlsSecret=${INGRESS_TLS_SECRET}
The below section from the online documentation mentions the purpose of a certificate to be used by Symatnec Directory. It mentioned using either DXcertgen or openssl. We can now add in LetsEncrypt certs as well to be used.
One statement caught our eye that was not quite accurate was that a certificate used on one DSA could not be used for another DSA. We can see if we compare the DSAs provided by CA Directory for the provisioning servers data tier (Identity Suite/Identity Manager), there is no difference between them, including subject name. Due to the fact that the subject (CN) has the same name for all five (5) DSAs (data/router), if a Java JNDI call is made for an LDAP call to the DSAs, the LDAP hostname validation must be disabled. (see below)
We must use key type of RSA for any cert with Symantec PAM. This process is fairly straightforward to update the certificates. Access the PAM UI configuration, select the menu of: Configuration / Security / Certificates. Join the cert.pem and the privkey.pem files together, in this order, with cat or notepad.
Challenge/Resolution: Please edit the joined file and add the string “RSA“ to the header/footer of the private key provided by LetsEncrypt. Per Broadcom tech note: 126692, “PAMs source code is expecting that RSA based Private Keys start with “—–BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY—–” header and have a matching footer. See example below.
Select “Certificate with Private key” with X509 (as other option), then click “Choose File” button to select the combined cert/privatekey pem file. We are not required to have a destination filename nor passphrase for the LetsEncrypt certs. Click Upload button.
We should receive a confirmation message of “Confirmation: PAM-CM-0349: subject=CN = training.anapartner.net has been verified.”
The error message “PAM-CM-0201: Verification Error Can not open private key file” will occur if using keytype of RSA or ECDSA and the default header/footer does not contain a required string for PAM to parse. If we attempt to use ECDSA keytype, we would receive a similar PAM-CM-0201 error message after updating the header/footer. So please regenerate the LetsEncrypt certs with keytype=RSA.
Next steps, after the certificate and private key have been loaded into Symantec PAM, please use the “Set” menu option to assign this certificate as primary. We will click verify button first, to confirm the certificate is functioning correctly.
We should receive a confirmation message for the file ” Confirmation: PAM-CM-0346: cert_with_key_only_for_pam_app.crt has been verified“.
Finally, we will click “Accept” button, and allow the PAM appliance to restart. Click “Yes” when asked to restart the appliance.
View the updated PAM UI with the LetsEncrypt Certs.
ERROR Messages
If you have received any of the below error messages during use of any java process, e.g. J2EE servers (JBOSS/Wildfly), you have pushed beyond the solution’s vendor ability to manage new features provided in LetsEncrypt certs. You will need to regenerate them with the type of RSA, instead of default of elliptical certs.
UNKNOWN-CIPHER-SUITE ERR_SSL_VERSION_OR_CIPHER_MISMATCH SSLHandshakeException: no cipher suites in common Ignore unavailable extension Ignore unknown or unsupported extension
Use the below processes to help you identify the root cause of your issue.
Create an ‘RSA’ type JKS and P12 Keystore using LetsEncrypt certs.
The below example is a two (2) steps process that will create a p12 keystore first with the cert.pem and privkey.pem files. Then, a second command will convert the p12 keystore to the older JKS keystore format. You may use these in any Java process, e.g.J2EE and/or Tomcat platform.
